Relative energy deficiency in the military (RED-M): an urgent call for physical training and operational health

Abstract

Introduction: Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) describes the condition in which energy intake is insufficient to sustain the physiological demands imposed by physical exercise. More recently, this concept has been expanded to the operational environment, giving rise to RED-M (Relative Energy Deficiency in Military). In the military context, factors such as intense and prolonged training, sleep

deprivation, heat stress, limited food logistics, and weight management practices increase vulnerability to the development of low energy availability. This imbalance can compromise multiple physiological systems, generating a negative impact on health, physical and cognitive performance and, consequently, operational readiness.

Objective: This article aimed to discuss the relevance, mechanisms, and implications of RED-M, with a focus on the Armed Forces. The specific risk factors of the military environment, the effects of energy insufficiency on the bone, endocrine, metabolic and psychological systems, and the associated impairments to physical and cognitive performance were addressed. In addition, fundamental strategies for screening, monitoring and management of RED-M were highlighted, emphasizing the continuous and strategic role of the Physical Education professional in the early identification of signs and in the adequacy of training loads.

Conclusion: RED-M is an emerging condition in the military environment, with the potential to compromise health, performance, and operational readiness. Its early recognition and the application of evidence-based screening and management protocols are essential to reduce risks and optimize performance.